chizui/Il2CppInspectorRedux
1
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull Requests Actions Packages Projects Releases Wiki Activity

add initial support for required forward references in il2cpp types, also fix issues with type names clashing with il2cpp api types

Browse Source
This commit is contained in:
LukeFZ
2025-07-25 21:20:04 +02:00
parent 771eb8eb52
commit 6ddbf7ecae
4 changed files with 741 additions and 617 deletions
Download Patch File Download Diff File Expand all files Collapse all files

234
Il2CppInspector.Common/Cpp/CppDeclarationGenerator.cs
View File

@@ -5,19 +5,17 @@
All rights reserved. All rights reserved.
*/ */
using System; using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text.RegularExpressions; using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
using Il2CppInspector.Cpp.UnityHeaders; using Il2CppInspector.Cpp.UnityHeaders;
using Il2CppInspector.Model; using Il2CppInspector.Model;
using Il2CppInspector.Reflection; using Il2CppInspector.Reflection;
namespace Il2CppInspector.Cpp namespace Il2CppInspector.Cpp;
// Class for generating C header declarations from Reflection objects (TypeInfo, etc.)
public class CppDeclarationGenerator
{ {
// Class for generating C header declarations from Reflection objects (TypeInfo, etc.)
public class CppDeclarationGenerator
{
private readonly AppModel appModel; private readonly AppModel appModel;
private TypeModel model => appModel.TypeModel; private TypeModel model => appModel.TypeModel;
@@ -33,7 +31,7 @@ namespace Il2CppInspector.Cpp
// Different C++ compilers lay out C++ class structures differently, // Different C++ compilers lay out C++ class structures differently,
// meaning that the compiler must be known in order to generate class type structures // meaning that the compiler must be known in order to generate class type structures
// with the correct layout. // with the correct layout.
public CppCompilerType InheritanceStyle; public readonly CppCompilerType InheritanceStyle;
public CppDeclarationGenerator(AppModel appModel) { public CppDeclarationGenerator(AppModel appModel) {
this.appModel = appModel; this.appModel = appModel;
@@ -46,7 +44,8 @@ namespace Il2CppInspector.Cpp
} }
// C type declaration used to name variables of the given C# type // C type declaration used to name variables of the given C# type
private static Dictionary<string, string> primitiveTypeMap = new Dictionary<string, string> { private static readonly Dictionary<string, string> primitiveTypeMap = new()
{
["Boolean"] = "bool", ["Boolean"] = "bool",
["Byte"] = "uint8_t", ["Byte"] = "uint8_t",
["SByte"] = "int8_t", ["SByte"] = "int8_t",
@@ -68,24 +67,28 @@ namespace Il2CppInspector.Cpp
if (ti.IsByRef || ti.IsPointer) { if (ti.IsByRef || ti.IsPointer) {
return AsCType(ti.ElementType).AsPointer(WordSize); return AsCType(ti.ElementType).AsPointer(WordSize);
} }
if (ti.IsValueType) { if (ti.IsValueType) {
if (ti.IsPrimitive && primitiveTypeMap.ContainsKey(ti.Name)) { if (ti.IsPrimitive && primitiveTypeMap.TryGetValue(ti.Name, out var value)) {
return types.GetType(primitiveTypeMap[ti.Name]); return types.GetType(value);
} }
return types.GetType(TypeNamer.GetName(ti)); return types.GetType(TypeNamer.GetName(ti));
} }
if (ti.IsEnum) { if (ti.IsEnum) {
return types.GetType(TypeNamer.GetName(ti)); return types.GetType(TypeNamer.GetName(ti));
} }
return types.GetType(TypeNamer.GetName(ti) + " *"); return types.GetType(TypeNamer.GetName(ti) + " *");
} }
// Resets the cache of visited types and pending types to output, but preserve any names we have already generated // Resets the cache of visited types and pending types to output, but preserve any names we have already generated
public void Reset() { public void Reset() {
VisitedFieldStructs.Clear(); _visitedFieldStructs.Clear();
VisitedTypes.Clear(); _visitedTypes.Clear();
TodoFieldStructs.Clear(); _todoFieldStructs.Clear();
TodoTypeStructs.Clear(); _todoTypeStructs.Clear();
} }
#region Field Struct Generation #region Field Struct Generation
@@ -96,37 +99,123 @@ namespace Il2CppInspector.Cpp
*/ */
// A cache of field structures that have already been generated, to eliminate duplicate definitions // A cache of field structures that have already been generated, to eliminate duplicate definitions
private readonly HashSet<TypeInfo> VisitedFieldStructs = new HashSet<TypeInfo>(); private readonly HashSet<TypeInfo> _visitedFieldStructs = [];
// A queue of field structures that need to be generated. // A queue of field structures that need to be generated.
private readonly List<TypeInfo> TodoFieldStructs = new List<TypeInfo>(); private readonly List<TypeInfo> _todoFieldStructs = [];
// Walk over dependencies of the given type, to figure out what field structures it depends on private readonly HashSet<TypeInfo> _requiredForwardDefinitionsForFields = [];
private void VisitFieldStructs(TypeInfo ti) {
if (VisitedFieldStructs.Contains(ti))
return;
if (ti.IsByRef || ti.ContainsGenericParameters)
return;
VisitedFieldStructs.Add(ti);
if (ti.BaseType != null) private readonly HashSet<TypeInfo> _currentVisitedFieldStructs = [];
VisitFieldStructs(ti.BaseType); private readonly HashSet<TypeInfo> _currentTodoFieldStructs = [];
private readonly HashSet<TypeInfo> _currentRequiredForwardDefinitions = [];
private readonly HashSet<TypeInfo> _currentlyVisitingFieldStructs = [];
if (ti.IsArray) private class CircularReferenceException(TypeInfo circularType, TypeInfo parentType) : Exception("Circular reference detected")
VisitFieldStructs(ti.ElementType);
if (ti.IsEnum)
VisitFieldStructs(ti.GetEnumUnderlyingType());
foreach (var fi in ti.DeclaredFields.Where(fi => !fi.IsStatic && !fi.IsLiteral))
{ {
if (fi.FieldType.IsEnum || fi.FieldType.IsValueType) public TypeInfo CircularReferencedType { get; } = circularType;
VisitFieldStructs(fi.FieldType); public TypeInfo ParentType { get; } = parentType;
else if (fi.FieldType.HasElementType)
VisitFieldStructs(fi.FieldType.ElementType);
} }
TodoFieldStructs.Add(ti); // Walk over dependencies of the given type, to figure out what field structures it depends on
private void VisitFieldStructsInner(TypeInfo ti)
{
if (_visitedFieldStructs.Contains(ti) || _currentVisitedFieldStructs.Contains(ti))
return;
if (ti.IsByRef || ti.ContainsGenericParameters)
return;
_currentVisitedFieldStructs.Add(ti);
_currentlyVisitingFieldStructs.Add(ti);
if (ti.BaseType != null)
VisitFieldStructsInner(ti.BaseType);
if (ti.IsArray)
VisitFieldStructsInner(ti.ElementType);
if (ti.IsEnum)
VisitFieldStructsInner(ti.GetEnumUnderlyingType());
foreach (var fi in ti.DeclaredFields.Where(fi => !fi.IsStatic && !fi.IsLiteral))
ProcessTypeField(fi);
_currentTodoFieldStructs.Add(ti);
_currentlyVisitingFieldStructs.Remove(ti);
return;
void ProcessTypeField(FieldInfo fi)
{
if (fi.FieldType.IsEnum || fi.FieldType.IsValueType)
{
VisitFieldStructsInner(fi.FieldType);
}
else if (fi.FieldType.HasElementType)
{
var elementType = fi.FieldType.ElementType;
if (!fi.FieldType.IsPointer || !_currentRequiredForwardDefinitions.Contains(elementType))
{
VisitFieldStructsInner(elementType);
if (elementType.IsValueType
&& elementType != ti
&& _currentlyVisitingFieldStructs.Contains(elementType)
&& !_currentRequiredForwardDefinitions.Contains(elementType))
{
// this is now an issue: there is a loop, and we need to resolve it
// if the field type is a pointer, we can make a forward declaration and be done with it
// otherwise, we cannot generate these types
if (!fi.FieldType.IsPointer)
Debugger.Break();
throw new CircularReferenceException(elementType, ti);
}
}
}
}
}
private void ClearCurrentFieldStructVisitState()
{
_currentTodoFieldStructs.Clear();
_currentVisitedFieldStructs.Clear();
_currentlyVisitingFieldStructs.Clear();
}
private void VisitFieldStructs(TypeInfo ti)
{
ClearCurrentFieldStructVisitState();
var requiredTypesToVisit = new Stack<TypeInfo>([ti]);
while (true)
{
try
{
foreach (var typeToVisit in requiredTypesToVisit)
VisitFieldStructsInner(typeToVisit);
}
catch (CircularReferenceException ex)
{
ClearCurrentFieldStructVisitState();
_currentRequiredForwardDefinitions.Add(ex.CircularReferencedType);
requiredTypesToVisit.Push(ex.ParentType);
continue;
}
break;
}
_todoFieldStructs.AddRange(_currentTodoFieldStructs);
foreach (var visitedType in _currentVisitedFieldStructs)
_visitedFieldStructs.Add(visitedType);
foreach (var requiredType in _currentRequiredForwardDefinitions)
_requiredForwardDefinitionsForFields.Add(requiredType);
} }
// Generate the fields for the base class of all objects (Il2CppObject) // Generate the fields for the base class of all objects (Il2CppObject)
@@ -261,8 +350,8 @@ namespace Il2CppInspector.Cpp
// "Flush" the list of visited types, generating C structures for each one // "Flush" the list of visited types, generating C structures for each one
private List<(TypeInfo ilType, CppComplexType valueType, CppComplexType referenceType, CppComplexType fieldsType)> GenerateVisitedFieldStructs() { private List<(TypeInfo ilType, CppComplexType valueType, CppComplexType referenceType, CppComplexType fieldsType)> GenerateVisitedFieldStructs() {
var structs = new List<(TypeInfo ilType, CppComplexType valueType, CppComplexType referenceType, CppComplexType fieldsType)>(TodoTypeStructs.Count); var structs = new List<(TypeInfo ilType, CppComplexType valueType, CppComplexType referenceType, CppComplexType fieldsType)>(_todoTypeStructs.Count);
foreach (var ti in TodoFieldStructs) { foreach (var ti in _todoFieldStructs) {
if (ti.IsEnum || ti.IsValueType) { if (ti.IsEnum || ti.IsValueType) {
var (valueType, boxedType) = GenerateValueFieldStruct(ti); var (valueType, boxedType) = GenerateValueFieldStruct(ti);
structs.Add((ti, valueType, boxedType, null)); structs.Add((ti, valueType, boxedType, null));
@@ -272,7 +361,7 @@ namespace Il2CppInspector.Cpp
structs.Add((ti, null, objectOrArrayType, fieldsType)); structs.Add((ti, null, objectOrArrayType, fieldsType));
} }
} }
TodoFieldStructs.Clear(); _todoFieldStructs.Clear();
return structs; return structs;
} }
#endregion #endregion
@@ -280,7 +369,7 @@ namespace Il2CppInspector.Cpp
#region Class Struct Generation #region Class Struct Generation
// Concrete implementations for abstract classes, for use in looking up VTable signatures and names // Concrete implementations for abstract classes, for use in looking up VTable signatures and names
private readonly Dictionary<TypeInfo, TypeInfo> ConcreteImplementations = new Dictionary<TypeInfo, TypeInfo>(); private readonly Dictionary<TypeInfo, TypeInfo> _concreteImplementations = new();
/// <summary> /// <summary>
/// VTables for abstract types have "null" in place of abstract functions. /// VTables for abstract types have "null" in place of abstract functions.
/// This function searches for concrete implementations so that we can properly /// This function searches for concrete implementations so that we can properly
@@ -292,8 +381,9 @@ namespace Il2CppInspector.Cpp
continue; continue;
var baseType = ti.BaseType; var baseType = ti.BaseType;
while (baseType != null) { while (baseType != null) {
if (baseType.IsAbstract && !ConcreteImplementations.ContainsKey(baseType)) if (baseType.IsAbstract)
ConcreteImplementations[baseType] = ti; _concreteImplementations.TryAdd(baseType, ti);
baseType = baseType.BaseType; baseType = baseType.BaseType;
} }
} }
@@ -315,37 +405,45 @@ namespace Il2CppInspector.Cpp
* care which concrete implementation we put in this table! The name * care which concrete implementation we put in this table! The name
* and signature will always match that of the abstract type. * and signature will always match that of the abstract type.
*/ */
if (ti.IsAbstract && ConcreteImplementations.ContainsKey(ti)) { if (ti.IsAbstract && _concreteImplementations.TryGetValue(ti, out var implementation)) {
var impl = implementation.GetVTable();
res = (MethodBase[])res.Clone(); res = (MethodBase[])res.Clone();
MethodBase[] impl = ConcreteImplementations[ti].GetVTable(); for (int i = 0; i < res.Length; i++)
for (int i = 0; i < res.Length; i++) { {
if (res[i] == null) res[i] ??= impl[i];
res[i] = impl[i];
} }
} }
return res; return res;
} }
private readonly HashSet<TypeInfo> VisitedTypes = new HashSet<TypeInfo>(); private readonly HashSet<TypeInfo> _visitedTypes = [];
private readonly List<TypeInfo> TodoTypeStructs = new List<TypeInfo>(); private readonly List<TypeInfo> _todoTypeStructs = [];
/// <summary> /// <summary>
/// Include the given type into this generator. This will add the given type and all types it depends on. /// Include the given type into this generator. This will add the given type and all types it depends on.
/// Call GenerateRemainingTypeDeclarations to produce the actual type declarations afterwards. /// Call GenerateRemainingTypeDeclarations to produce the actual type declarations afterwards.
/// </summary> /// </summary>
/// <param name="ti"></param> /// <param name="ti"></param>
public void IncludeType(TypeInfo ti) { public void IncludeType(TypeInfo ti)
if (VisitedTypes.Contains(ti)) {
if (ti.Name.Contains("UQueryState"))
Console.WriteLine("meow");
if (_visitedTypes.Contains(ti))
return; return;
if (ti.ContainsGenericParameters) if (ti.ContainsGenericParameters)
return; return;
VisitedTypes.Add(ti);
if (ti.IsArray) { _visitedTypes.Add(ti);
if (ti.IsArray || ti.HasElementType)
{
IncludeType(ti.ElementType); IncludeType(ti.ElementType);
} else if (ti.HasElementType) { }
IncludeType(ti.ElementType); else if (ti.IsEnum)
} else if (ti.IsEnum) { {
IncludeType(ti.GetEnumUnderlyingType()); IncludeType(ti.GetEnumUnderlyingType());
} }
@@ -362,10 +460,12 @@ namespace Il2CppInspector.Cpp
IncludeType(fi.FieldType); IncludeType(fi.FieldType);
foreach (var mi in GetFilledVTable(ti)) foreach (var mi in GetFilledVTable(ti))
if (mi != null && !mi.ContainsGenericParameters) {
if (mi is { ContainsGenericParameters: false })
IncludeMethod(mi); IncludeMethod(mi);
}
TodoTypeStructs.Add(ti); _todoTypeStructs.Add(ti);
} }
// Generate the C structure for virtual function calls in a given type (the VTable) // Generate the C structure for virtual function calls in a given type (the VTable)
@@ -452,7 +552,7 @@ namespace Il2CppInspector.Cpp
(CppComplexType)null)) (CppComplexType)null))
.ToList(); .ToList();
foreach (var ti in TodoTypeStructs) foreach (var ti in _todoTypeStructs)
{ {
var (cls, statics, vtable) = GenerateTypeStruct(ti); var (cls, statics, vtable) = GenerateTypeStruct(ti);
decl.Add((ti, null, cls, null, vtable, statics)); decl.Add((ti, null, cls, null, vtable, statics));
@@ -466,10 +566,17 @@ namespace Il2CppInspector.Cpp
} }
finally finally
{ {
TodoTypeStructs.Clear(); _todoTypeStructs.Clear();
TodoFieldStructs.Clear(); _todoFieldStructs.Clear();
} }
} }
public List<CppType> GenerateRequiredForwardDefinitions()
=> _requiredForwardDefinitionsForFields
.Select(x => new CppForwardDefinitionType(TypeNamer.GetName(x)))
.Cast<CppType>()
.ToList();
#endregion #endregion
#region Method Generation #region Method Generation
@@ -635,5 +742,4 @@ namespace Il2CppInspector.Cpp
public CppNamespace GlobalsNamespace { get; private set; } public CppNamespace GlobalsNamespace { get; private set; }
public CppNamespace.Namer<MethodBase> GlobalNamer { get; private set; } public CppNamespace.Namer<MethodBase> GlobalNamer { get; private set; }
#endregion #endregion
}
} }

7
Il2CppInspector.Common/Cpp/CppNamespace.cs
View File

@@ -5,9 +5,6 @@
All rights reserved. All rights reserved.
*/ */
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
namespace Il2CppInspector.Cpp namespace Il2CppInspector.Cpp
{ {
/// <summary> /// <summary>
@@ -65,9 +62,9 @@ namespace Il2CppInspector.Cpp
// Uniquely name an object within the parent namespace // Uniquely name an object within the parent namespace
public string GetName(T t) { public string GetName(T t) {
// If we've named this particular object before, just return that name // If we've named this particular object before, just return that name
string name; if (names.TryGetValue(t, out var name))
if (names.TryGetValue(t, out name))
return name; return name;
// Obtain the mangled name for the object // Obtain the mangled name for the object
name = keyFunc(t); name = keyFunc(t);
// Check if the mangled name has been given to another object - if it has, // Check if the mangled name has been given to another object - if it has,

10
Il2CppInspector.Common/Cpp/CppType.cs
View File

@@ -456,4 +456,14 @@ namespace Il2CppInspector.Cpp
return sb.ToString(); return sb.ToString();
} }
} }
public class CppForwardDefinitionType : CppType
{
public CppForwardDefinitionType(string name) : base(name)
{
}
public override string ToString(string format = "") => $"struct {Name};";
}
} }

65
Il2CppInspector.Common/Cpp/CppTypeCollection.cs
View File

@@ -4,15 +4,11 @@
All rights reserved. All rights reserved.
*/ */
using System; using Il2CppInspector.Cpp.UnityHeaders;
using System.Collections; using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel; using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Diagnostics; using System.Diagnostics;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text.RegularExpressions; using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
using Il2CppInspector.Cpp.UnityHeaders;
namespace Il2CppInspector.Cpp namespace Il2CppInspector.Cpp
{ {
@@ -23,7 +19,7 @@ namespace Il2CppInspector.Cpp
public Dictionary<string, CppType> Types { get; } public Dictionary<string, CppType> Types { get; }
// All of the literal typedef aliases // All of the literal typedef aliases
public Dictionary<string, CppType> TypedefAliases { get; } = new Dictionary<string, CppType>(); public Dictionary<string, CppType> TypedefAliases { get; } = [];
public CppType this[string s] => Types.ContainsKey(s)? Types[s] : public CppType this[string s] => Types.ContainsKey(s)? Types[s] :
TypedefAliases.ContainsKey(s)? TypedefAliases[s].AsAlias(s) : null; TypedefAliases.ContainsKey(s)? TypedefAliases[s].AsAlias(s) : null;
@@ -34,7 +30,8 @@ namespace Il2CppInspector.Cpp
// Architecture width in bits (32/64) - to determine pointer sizes // Architecture width in bits (32/64) - to determine pointer sizes
public int WordSize { get; } public int WordSize { get; }
private Dictionary<string, ComplexValueType> complexTypeMap = new Dictionary<string, ComplexValueType> { private Dictionary<string, ComplexValueType> complexTypeMap = new()
{
["struct"] = ComplexValueType.Struct, ["struct"] = ComplexValueType.Struct,
["union"] = ComplexValueType.Union, ["union"] = ComplexValueType.Union,
["enum"] = ComplexValueType.Enum ["enum"] = ComplexValueType.Enum
@@ -44,22 +41,23 @@ namespace Il2CppInspector.Cpp
private string currentGroup = string.Empty; private string currentGroup = string.Empty;
public void SetGroup(string group) => currentGroup = group; public void SetGroup(string group) => currentGroup = group;
private static readonly List<CppType> primitiveTypes = new List<CppType> { private static readonly List<CppType> primitiveTypes =
new CppType("uint8_t", 8), [
new CppType("uint16_t", 16), new("uint8_t", 8),
new CppType("uint32_t", 32), new("uint16_t", 16),
new CppType("uint64_t", 64), new("uint32_t", 32),
new CppType("int8_t", 8), new("uint64_t", 64),
new CppType("int16_t", 16), new("int8_t", 8),
new CppType("int32_t", 32), new("int16_t", 16),
new CppType("int64_t", 64), new("int32_t", 32),
new CppType("char", 8), new("int64_t", 64),
new CppType("int", 32), new("char", 8),
new CppType("float", 32), new("int", 32),
new CppType("double", 64), new("float", 32),
new CppType("bool", 8), new("double", 64),
new CppType("void", 0) new("bool", 8),
}; new("void", 0)
];
public CppTypeCollection(int wordSize) { public CppTypeCollection(int wordSize) {
if (wordSize != 32 && wordSize != 64) if (wordSize != 32 && wordSize != 64)
@@ -538,15 +536,18 @@ namespace Il2CppInspector.Cpp
public CppComplexType Struct(string name = "", int alignmentBytes = 0) { public CppComplexType Struct(string name = "", int alignmentBytes = 0) {
if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(name) && Types.TryGetValue(name, out var cppType)) if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(name) && Types.TryGetValue(name, out var cppType))
return (CppComplexType) cppType; return (CppComplexType) cppType;
var type = new CppComplexType(ComplexValueType.Struct) {Name = name, Group = currentGroup, AlignmentBytes = alignmentBytes}; var type = new CppComplexType(ComplexValueType.Struct) {Name = name, Group = currentGroup, AlignmentBytes = alignmentBytes};
if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(name)) if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(name))
Add(type); Add(type);
return type; return type;
} }
public CppComplexType Union(string name = "", int alignmentBytes = 0) { public CppComplexType Union(string name = "", int alignmentBytes = 0) {
if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(name) && Types.TryGetValue(name, out var cppType)) if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(name) && Types.TryGetValue(name, out var cppType))
return (CppComplexType) cppType; return (CppComplexType) cppType;
var type = new CppComplexType(ComplexValueType.Union) {Name = name, Group = currentGroup, AlignmentBytes = alignmentBytes}; var type = new CppComplexType(ComplexValueType.Union) {Name = name, Group = currentGroup, AlignmentBytes = alignmentBytes};
if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(name)) if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(name))
Add(type); Add(type);
@@ -554,9 +555,13 @@ namespace Il2CppInspector.Cpp
} }
public CppEnumType Enum(CppType underlyingType, string name = "") { public CppEnumType Enum(CppType underlyingType, string name = "") {
if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(name) && Types.TryGetValue(name, out var cppType))
return (CppEnumType)cppType;
var type = new CppEnumType(underlyingType) {Name = name, Group = currentGroup}; var type = new CppEnumType(underlyingType) {Name = name, Group = currentGroup};
if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(name)) if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(name))
Add(type); Add(type);
return type; return type;
} }
@@ -585,11 +590,17 @@ namespace Il2CppInspector.Cpp
cppTypes.AddFromDeclarationText(apis); cppTypes.AddFromDeclarationText(apis);
// Don't allow any of the header type names or primitive type names to be re-used // Don't allow any of the header type names or primitive type names to be re-used
foreach (var type in cppTypes.Types.Values) foreach (var type in cppTypes.Types.Keys)
declGen?.TypeNamespace.TryReserveName(type.Name); {
declGen?.TypeNamespace.TryReserveName(type);
declGen?.GlobalsNamespace.TryReserveName(type);
}
foreach (var typedef in cppTypes.TypedefAliases.Values) foreach (var typedef in cppTypes.TypedefAliases.Keys)
declGen?.GlobalsNamespace.TryReserveName(typedef.Name); {
declGen?.TypeNamespace.TryReserveName(typedef);
declGen?.GlobalsNamespace.TryReserveName(typedef);
}
cppTypes.SetGroup(""); cppTypes.SetGroup("");